The deal would have been the biggest takeover seen in the mining sector, and the second-largest corporate takeover after Vodafone's acquisition of Mannesmann.
Its collapse comes as commodity prices have plummeted in the wake of a rapid slowdown in global growth and a much weaker outlook for China and India, which has in turn decimated mining share prices.
The value of BHP's hostile all-share bid for Rio fell from more than $140bn (€107bn) when it was first announced in November 2007 to around $62bn last week.
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