European capitals are under increasing pressure to make concrete pledges for a planned multinational force to be deployed to postwar Ukraine, as leaders prepare for talks on Thursday on what they are prepared to offer Kyiv.

The force is the centrepiece of security guarantees to Ukraine under consideration by a so-called coalition of the willing led by France and the UK, with promised support from the US. European leaders are set to speak to US President Donald Trump following the summit.

But there is uncertainty over what individual members are willing to contribute, including troops on the ground, and whether it would be based on mutual defence agreements that would commit European countries to fighting with Ukraine against any future aggression.