Decarbonisation is imperative. The only realistic way to limit global warming and reduce worldwide greenhouse gas emissions in line with international commitments is to transition critical industries to zero-GHG-emitting, decarbonised technologies.

We need disruptive clean technologies that fundamentally change the competitive order and displace existing dominant technology. Think how the iPhone and other smartphones displaced old cellular phones.

Such clean technologies are only disruptive when they find traction in the market, either by bending the cost curve to be cheaper than current alternatives or by creating novel value for which customers are willing to pay a premium. By looking at learning curves, adoption rates and the entry of new businesses, we can forecast whether a disruption is likely.